It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. [15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. One company landed on White 2 and secured Cape Tjeweri, after which a group of 18 LVTs crossed the sandspit to land two more companies near Pim inside Jautefa Bay. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. Also produced were ATIS Publications. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. 2 in May 1943. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. For the military souveniring problem that first began at Guadalcanal see The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942., [11] See From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication.. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. region: "", I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. [42], " 'The Boeing [B-25] is most terrifying,' wrote one survivor in his diary. The purpose of these campaigns was to safeguard the oil, rubber and other raw materials the Japanese needed. The first major collection of captured Japanese documents in the Pacific Theater was made in August 1942 when the 1st Marine Raider Battalion, under Col. Evans Carlson and Lt. Col. James Roosevelt, made a harassing raid on Makin Island in the Gilberts. Achieving complete surprise, they were able to destroy 340 aircraft on the ground and 60 more aircraft in the air, leaving the 6th Air Division unable to resist the planned invasion. 126 is Hoko: The Spy-Hostage System of Group Control-The Clue to Japanese Psychology. On April 29, 1944, Research Report No. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. Origins. In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). A map, also captured on March 21st, and quickly translated, proved to be more accurate than maps possessed by the attacking forces. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. Researchers should, of course, use the National Archives Catalog. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. They were carrying Admiral Mineichi Koga, commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and his staff, including Vice Admiral Shegeru Fukudome, who was carrying the Z plan documents and the associated cipher system. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. In March General Hatazo Adachi, the commander of the Japanese 18th Army, was ordered by the Second Area Army to withdraw his forces west from the Madang-Hansa Bay area to Hollandia, with one division to be dispatched there immediately. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. 1, List of Japanese Military Conventional Signs and Abbreviations (March 4, 1943); No. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. "[32], "Also formidable was the tenacity of the enemy, who would fight to the death in these stinking holes, starving, diseased and with their dead rotting and unburied beside them. [14] The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. [11] This document was quickly translated and published as ATIS Publication No. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. I and II were published on March 19, 1945 and June 23, 1945, respectively. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. ATIS received and translated in April 1944 the diary of prisoner of war Hiroshi Horikoshi, a civilian employee (interpreter) with the Japanese 14th Army, who was captured at the same time. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . [50], Three transports were assigned to the operation, Westralia, Gunston Hall and Ganymede. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Report No. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. Free shipping for many products! Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. After four days under these conditions the two units had reached the western airfield and on 26 April it was secured. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. The Allies made good use of the information in the naval campaigns that followed. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. The attack failed, and the Japanese were driven back toward Wewak. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. The three supporting U.S. cruisers and destroyers began their bombardment around 06:00, concentrating on targets around the entrance to Jautefa Bay and Hollandia. [48] These meager results were not commensurate with either the resources expended or the expectations that had been promoted. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. Horikoshi was in the Philippine Islands from May 1942 to August 1943, and the diary contained a good coverage of that period, depicting atrocities, conditions in Allied prisoner-of-war camps, and conditions in the Philippine Islands in general. 4, to acquire Japanese records, staged a contest, making awards to Burmese or Chinese turning in the most documents. For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. }); The Capture and Exploitation of Japanese Records during World War II, From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication., Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,, The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,, The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944, Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942, Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942., The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945., The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I, Allied Translator and Interpreter Section. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. [citation needed]. . [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war. Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies, and as a result, some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths in this campaign were from non-combat causes. Backed by a swamp just 30 yards from the shoreline, and with just one exit trail unsuitable for vehicles, it quickly became congested. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. . Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. Through this, a document was captured were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans ( Nisei ) from bodies., Allied Translator and Interpreter Section through the jungle Bay and Hollandia Allied Translator Interpreter... The naval campaigns that followed incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent of the port town Salamaua. 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